{
  "slug": "output-research-spending-bubbles",
  "topic": "Economy",
  "kind": "bubble",
  "title": "GDP and research spending",
  "subtitle": "GDP per person × research spending · 2023",
  "takeaway": "The 25 largest populations among 83 economies with complete inputs in one shared year. Circle area represents population.",
  "period": "2023",
  "unit": "Separate units; see each measure",
  "publisher": "World Bank / World Bank World Development Indicators",
  "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
  "licenseUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/public-licenses#cc-by",
  "attribution": "The World Bank: World Development Indicators: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB). Indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.KD. | Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02 Distributed by World Bank WDI, GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS; accessed 2026-10-04T18:29:37.077Z. Adaptation by World Signals Monitor; no publisher endorsement is implied. | The World Bank: World Development Indicators: World Population Prospects, United Nations (UN), uri: https://population.un.org/wpp/, publisher: UN Population Division; Statistical databases and publications from national statistical offices, National Statistical Offices (NSOs), uri: https://unstats.un.org/home/nso_sites/, publisher: National Statistical Offices; Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, Eurostat (ESTAT), uri: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database?node_code=earn_ses_monthly, publisher: Eurostat; Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), United Nations (UN), uri: https://unstats.un.org, publisher: UN Statistics Division. Indicator SP.POP.TOTL.",
  "retrievedAt": "2026-10-11T02:25:54.602Z",
  "vintage": "wdi-2026-10-08-0a6eb6ab25b7+release-aeeb6ddf-6cce-4970-a73b-0d9cd459923d",
  "explorer": "/compare/",
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      "unit": "Constant 2015 USD per person",
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    },
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      "status": "present",
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      "status": "No retained observation for this measure and year",
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      "place": "San Marino",
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      "value": "33860",
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      "value": "1990.14605922104",
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      "place": "Kiribati",
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      "code": "HUN",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "1.37748",
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      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
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    },
    {
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      "code": "TKM",
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      "value": "7364438",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=TKM",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Suriname",
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    {
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    },
    {
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      "value": "628886",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Gambia, The",
      "code": "GMB",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Gambia, The",
      "code": "GMB",
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      "value": "2697845",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=GMB",
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    },
    {
      "place": "French Polynesia",
      "code": "PYF",
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      "value": "20664.9770259225",
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    },
    {
      "place": "French Polynesia",
      "code": "PYF",
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      "value": null,
      "status": "No retained observation for this measure and year",
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    },
    {
      "place": "French Polynesia",
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      "period": "2023",
      "value": "281118",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=PYF",
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    {
      "place": "Palau",
      "code": "PLW",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "13070.7944502154",
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    {
      "place": "Palau",
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      "value": null,
      "status": "No retained observation for this measure and year",
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      "measure": "Research spending",
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      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
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    {
      "place": "Palau",
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      "period": "2023",
      "value": "17727",
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    {
      "place": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
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      "value": "6493.32400514463",
      "status": "present",
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      "place": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
      "code": "BIH",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "0.18853",
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    {
      "place": "Bosnia and Herzegovina",
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      "value": "3185073",
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    {
      "place": "Senegal",
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      "period": "2023",
      "value": "1458.9664233275",
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    {
      "place": "Senegal",
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      "value": null,
      "status": "missing",
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      "value": "18077573",
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      "value": "4688.46305366113",
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    {
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      "status": "No retained observation for this measure and year",
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      "value": "216663",
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      "measure": "Research spending",
      "role": "y",
      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Tanzania",
      "code": "TZA",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "66617606",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=TZA",
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      "role": "size",
      "unit": "people",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Singapore",
      "code": "SGP",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "65976.7068036903",
      "status": "present",
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    },
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      "value": null,
      "status": "missing",
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      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Singapore",
      "code": "SGP",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "5917648",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SGP",
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      "role": "size",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Argentina",
      "code": "ARG",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "12993.0928872416",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?locations=ARG",
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      "unit": "Constant 2015 USD per person",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Argentina",
      "code": "ARG",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "0.60111",
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      "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
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      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Argentina",
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      "period": "2023",
      "value": "45538401",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ARG",
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      "role": "size",
      "unit": "people",
      "displayed": true
    },
    {
      "place": "Equatorial Guinea",
      "code": "GNQ",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "4992.26076814571",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?locations=GNQ",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Equatorial Guinea",
      "code": "GNQ",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": null,
      "status": "No retained observation for this measure and year",
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      "measure": "Research spending",
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      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Equatorial Guinea",
      "code": "GNQ",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "1847549",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=GNQ",
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      "role": "size",
      "unit": "people",
      "displayed": false
    },
    {
      "place": "Marshall Islands",
      "code": "MHL",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "5460.11795915213",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?locations=MHL",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Marshall Islands",
      "code": "MHL",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": null,
      "status": "No retained observation for this measure and year",
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      "measure": "Research spending",
      "role": "y",
      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Marshall Islands",
      "code": "MHL",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "38827",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=MHL",
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      "role": "size",
      "unit": "people",
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    {
      "place": "Channel Islands",
      "code": "CHI",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "69818.1528119104",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?locations=CHI",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Channel Islands",
      "code": "CHI",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": null,
      "status": "No retained observation for this measure and year",
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      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
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    {
      "place": "Channel Islands",
      "code": "CHI",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "167691",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=CHI",
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      "measure": "Population",
      "role": "size",
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    {
      "place": "Serbia",
      "code": "SRB",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "8208.4786891507",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?locations=SRB",
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    {
      "place": "Serbia",
      "code": "SRB",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "0.87816",
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      "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
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      "period": "2023",
      "value": "6623183",
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    {
      "place": "North Korea",
      "code": "PRK",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": null,
      "status": "missing",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?locations=PRK",
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    {
      "place": "North Korea",
      "code": "PRK",
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      "value": null,
      "status": "No retained observation for this measure and year",
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      "place": "North Korea",
      "code": "PRK",
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      "value": "26418204",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=PRK",
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      "place": "Costa Rica",
      "code": "CRI",
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      "value": "0.33738",
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      "value": "1344976",
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    },
    {
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      "code": "POL",
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      "value": "1.55525",
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      "code": "USA",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "3.44716",
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    {
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      "status": "No retained observation for this measure and year",
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      "value": "46758",
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      "place": "Central African Republic",
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      "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
      "sourceLocator": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
      "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
      "measure": "Research spending",
      "role": "y",
      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
      "displayed": false
    },
    {
      "place": "Cameroon",
      "code": "CMR",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "28372687",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=CMR",
      "sourceLocator": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CMR/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?source=2&format=json&date=2023&footnote=y",
      "metricId": "metric.population",
      "measure": "Population",
      "role": "size",
      "unit": "people",
      "displayed": false
    },
    {
      "place": "El Salvador",
      "code": "SLV",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "4481.19664108356",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?locations=SLV",
      "sourceLocator": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SLV/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?source=2&format=json&date=2023&footnote=y",
      "metricId": "metric.gdp-per-capita",
      "measure": "GDP per person",
      "role": "x",
      "unit": "Constant 2015 USD per person",
      "displayed": false
    },
    {
      "place": "El Salvador",
      "code": "SLV",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "0.10152",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
      "sourceLocator": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2811&field=value",
      "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
      "measure": "Research spending",
      "role": "y",
      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
      "displayed": false
    },
    {
      "place": "El Salvador",
      "code": "SLV",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "6309624",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SLV",
      "sourceLocator": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/SLV/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?source=2&format=json&date=2023&footnote=y",
      "metricId": "metric.population",
      "measure": "Population",
      "role": "size",
      "unit": "people",
      "displayed": false
    }
  ],
  "method": "Use the newest common year with at least half the maximum annual complete-input coverage (51 minimum). Choose the 25 largest populations among complete economies with positive GDP per person and population. The horizontal axis is logarithmic (equal distances show equal ratios); the vertical axis is linear, 0 to 5 R&D expenditure (% of GDP). Circle area is proportional to population. Number labels connect to the true circle positions where needed.",
  "notes": [
    "186 of 217 retained reporting economies have values in 2025; coverage is not a complete world ranking. Highest does not imply best.",
    "GDP per capita measures average economic output, not wages, disposable income, or household wealth.",
    "Constant 2015 US dollars are not purchasing-power-parity dollars. Cross-country levels do not measure the cost of living or what residents can buy.",
    "National accounts methods and revisions may differ across countries.",
    "Source notes and numeric strings remain unchanged in downloads. The latest retained reporting year can differ across datasets.",
    "84 of 155 retained reporting economies have values in 2023; coverage is not a complete world ranking. Highest does not imply best.",
    "Gross domestic R&D expenditure as a share of GDP, not total research dollars. Survey coverage and national compilation methods vary; gaps remain missing.",
    "Annual 2000–2025 selection. Source estimates and historical values may be revised; unavailable values remain missing.",
    "Midyear estimates can be revised; these are populations, not growth rates.",
    "Source flags and notes remain in the table and downloads. Display labels are rounded; exports retain source numeric strings.",
    "A cross-sectional association does not establish causation. GDP per person is constant 2015 USD, not purchasing-power-adjusted income. Each measure retains its own unit and definition. Missing inputs are retained in the table but not drawn."
  ],
  "advanced": {
    "measures": [
      {
        "metricId": "metric.gdp-per-capita",
        "label": "GDP per person",
        "unit": "Constant 2015 USD per person",
        "role": "x",
        "definition": "Annual economic output divided by population, expressed in US dollars at constant 2015 prices.",
        "publisher": "World Bank",
        "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD",
        "licenseUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/summary-terms-of-use",
        "attribution": "The World Bank: World Development Indicators: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB). Indicator NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-11T02:27:33.851Z"
      },
      {
        "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
        "label": "Research spending",
        "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
        "role": "y",
        "definition": "Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.",
        "publisher": "World Bank World Development Indicators",
        "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
        "licenseUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/public-licenses#cc-by",
        "attribution": "Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02 Distributed by World Bank WDI, GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS; accessed 2026-10-04T18:29:37.077Z. Adaptation by World Signals Monitor; no publisher endorsement is implied.",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-11T02:25:54.602Z"
      },
      {
        "metricId": "metric.population",
        "label": "Population",
        "unit": "people",
        "role": "size",
        "definition": "Estimated population at midyear, counting residents regardless of citizenship or legal status.",
        "publisher": "World Bank",
        "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL",
        "licenseUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/summary-terms-of-use",
        "attribution": "The World Bank: World Development Indicators: World Population Prospects, United Nations (UN), uri: https://population.un.org/wpp/, publisher: UN Population Division; Statistical databases and publications from national statistical offices, National Statistical Offices (NSOs), uri: https://unstats.un.org/home/nso_sites/, publisher: National Statistical Offices; Eurostat: Demographic Statistics, Eurostat (ESTAT), uri: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database?node_code=earn_ses_monthly, publisher: Eurostat; Population and Vital Statistics Report (various years), United Nations (UN), uri: https://unstats.un.org, publisher: UN Statistics Division. Indicator SP.POP.TOTL.",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-11T02:27:33.851Z"
      }
    ],
    "displayCodes": [
      "CHN",
      "USA",
      "PAK",
      "BRA",
      "RUS",
      "MEX",
      "JPN",
      "EGY",
      "VNM",
      "TUR",
      "DEU",
      "THA",
      "GBR",
      "FRA",
      "ITA",
      "KEN",
      "MMR",
      "KOR",
      "UGA",
      "ESP",
      "DZA",
      "ARG",
      "CAN",
      "UKR",
      "POL"
    ],
    "yMinimum": 0,
    "yMaximum": 5,
    "xLabel": "GDP per person · constant 2015 USD · log scale",
    "yLabel": "Research spending · R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
    "sizeLabel": "population"
  }
}