{
  "slug": "research-spending-slope",
  "topic": "Economy",
  "kind": "slope",
  "title": "Research spending: a decade of change",
  "subtitle": "Eight largest absolute endpoint changes · 2013 → 2023",
  "takeaway": "71 economies have both endpoints. Eight of the largest absolute changes are highlighted; changes are measured in percentage points.",
  "period": "2013–2023",
  "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
  "publisher": "World Bank World Development Indicators",
  "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
  "licenseUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/public-licenses#cc-by",
  "attribution": "Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02 Distributed by World Bank WDI, GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS; accessed 2026-10-04T18:29:37.077Z. Adaptation by World Signals Monitor; no publisher endorsement is implied.",
  "retrievedAt": "2026-10-11T02:25:54.602Z",
  "vintage": "wdi-2026-10-08-0a6eb6ab25b7+release-aeeb6ddf-6cce-4970-a73b-0d9cd459923d",
  "explorer": "/datasets/source-9d9fafebf81def6977fbb489059c14e0/",
  "rows": [
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      "place": "Bermuda",
      "code": "BMU",
      "period": "2013",
      "value": "0.1963",
      "status": "present",
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      "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
      "measure": "Research spending",
      "role": "value",
      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
      "displayed": false
    },
    {
      "place": "Bermuda",
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    },
    {
      "place": "United Arab Emirates",
      "code": "ARE",
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      "value": null,
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    {
      "place": "Morocco",
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      "place": "Norway",
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      "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
      "sourceLocator": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2041&field=value",
      "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
      "measure": "Research spending",
      "role": "value",
      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
      "displayed": false
    },
    {
      "place": "Bulgaria",
      "code": "BGR",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "0.79224",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
      "sourceLocator": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2031&field=value",
      "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
      "measure": "Research spending",
      "role": "value",
      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
      "displayed": false
    }
  ],
  "method": "Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development. Compare common reporting years ten years apart. Select eight largest absolute changes; ties sort by code. Both endpoints share one linear scale (0 to 6.5 R&D expenditure (% of GDP)). Labels connect to the true data positions. Differences are in percentage points, not relative percentage growth. Connecting lines show endpoints only.",
  "notes": [
    "84 of 155 retained reporting economies have values in 2023; coverage is not a complete world ranking. Highest does not imply best.",
    "Gross domestic R&D expenditure as a share of GDP, not total research dollars. Survey coverage and national compilation methods vary; gaps remain missing.",
    "Annual 2000–2025 selection. Source estimates and historical values may be revised; unavailable values remain missing.",
    "Source notes and numeric strings remain unchanged in downloads. The latest retained reporting year can differ across datasets.",
    "Missing endpoint pairs are excluded from the graphic and retained in the table. Highest change does not imply best; source estimates and revisions may affect differences."
  ],
  "advanced": {
    "measures": [
      {
        "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
        "label": "Research spending",
        "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
        "role": "value",
        "definition": "Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.",
        "publisher": "World Bank World Development Indicators",
        "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
        "licenseUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/public-licenses#cc-by",
        "attribution": "Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02 Distributed by World Bank WDI, GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS; accessed 2026-10-04T18:29:37.077Z. Adaptation by World Signals Monitor; no publisher endorsement is implied.",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-11T02:25:54.602Z"
      }
    ],
    "displayCodes": [
      "ISR",
      "KOR",
      "GBR",
      "BEL",
      "ISL",
      "USA",
      "POL",
      "GRC"
    ],
    "start": "2013",
    "end": "2023",
    "valueDomain": [
      0,
      6.5
    ]
  }
}