{
  "slug": "research-spending-small-multiples",
  "topic": "Economy",
  "kind": "small-multiples",
  "title": "Research spending: six country paths",
  "subtitle": "Six economies · 2013–2023 · R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
  "takeaway": "Compare country levels and changes using the same years and one shared vertical scale across all six panels.",
  "period": "2013–2023",
  "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
  "publisher": "World Bank World Development Indicators",
  "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
  "licenseUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/public-licenses#cc-by",
  "attribution": "Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02 Distributed by World Bank WDI, GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS; accessed 2026-10-04T18:29:37.077Z. Adaptation by World Signals Monitor; no publisher endorsement is implied.",
  "retrievedAt": "2026-10-11T02:25:54.602Z",
  "vintage": "wdi-2026-10-08-0a6eb6ab25b7+release-aeeb6ddf-6cce-4970-a73b-0d9cd459923d",
  "explorer": "/datasets/source-9d9fafebf81def6977fbb489059c14e0/",
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      "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
      "sourceLocator": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5884&field=value",
      "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
      "measure": "Research spending",
      "role": "value",
      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
      "displayed": true
    },
    {
      "place": "South Africa",
      "code": "ZAF",
      "period": "2019",
      "value": "0.61304",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
      "sourceLocator": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5883&field=value",
      "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
      "measure": "Research spending",
      "role": "value",
      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
      "displayed": true
    },
    {
      "place": "South Africa",
      "code": "ZAF",
      "period": "2020",
      "value": "0.60296",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
      "sourceLocator": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5882&field=value",
      "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
      "measure": "Research spending",
      "role": "value",
      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
      "displayed": true
    },
    {
      "place": "South Africa",
      "code": "ZAF",
      "period": "2021",
      "value": "0.6139",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
      "sourceLocator": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5881&field=value",
      "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
      "measure": "Research spending",
      "role": "value",
      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
      "displayed": true
    },
    {
      "place": "South Africa",
      "code": "ZAF",
      "period": "2022",
      "value": "0.61479",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
      "sourceLocator": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5880&field=value",
      "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
      "measure": "Research spending",
      "role": "value",
      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
      "displayed": true
    },
    {
      "place": "South Africa",
      "code": "ZAF",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": null,
      "status": "missing",
      "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
      "sourceLocator": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5879&field=value",
      "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
      "measure": "Research spending",
      "role": "value",
      "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
      "displayed": true
    }
  ],
  "method": "Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development. Eleven annual positions; shared linear axis 0–3.5 R&D expenditure (% of GDP). Editorial country selection: United States, China, India, Germany, Brazil, South Africa. Prefer this stated comparison group; require at least two present observations per panel, then use reporting-code order for any remaining places. Missing observations break lines. No interpolation, smoothing, individual rescaling or indexed growth.",
  "notes": [
    "84 of 155 retained reporting economies have values in 2023; coverage is not a complete world ranking. Highest does not imply best.",
    "Gross domestic R&D expenditure as a share of GDP, not total research dollars. Survey coverage and national compilation methods vary; gaps remain missing.",
    "Annual 2000–2025 selection. Source estimates and historical values may be revised; unavailable values remain missing.",
    "Source notes and numeric strings remain unchanged in downloads. The latest retained reporting year can differ across datasets.",
    "This is an editorial comparison group, not a world ranking. The table retains all annual positions, including missing data."
  ],
  "advanced": {
    "measures": [
      {
        "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
        "label": "Research spending",
        "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
        "role": "value",
        "definition": "Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.",
        "publisher": "World Bank World Development Indicators",
        "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
        "licenseUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/public-licenses#cc-by",
        "attribution": "Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02 Distributed by World Bank WDI, GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS; accessed 2026-10-04T18:29:37.077Z. Adaptation by World Signals Monitor; no publisher endorsement is implied.",
        "retrievedAt": "2026-10-11T02:25:54.602Z"
      }
    ],
    "displayCodes": [
      "USA",
      "CHN",
      "IND",
      "DEU",
      "BRA",
      "ZAF"
    ],
    "start": "2013",
    "end": "2023",
    "valueDomain": [
      0,
      3.5
    ]
  }
}