{
  "slug": "research-spending",
  "metricId": "metric.open.research-spending",
  "topic": "Economy",
  "kind": "ranking",
  "title": "Investment in research",
  "subtitle": "Highest reported values · 2023 · R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
  "takeaway": "Israel has the highest retained value for 2023. 84 of 155 reporting economies have a value in this comparison.",
  "period": "2023",
  "unit": "R&D expenditure (% of GDP)",
  "publisher": "World Bank World Development Indicators",
  "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
  "licenseUrl": "https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/public-licenses#cc-by",
  "attribution": "Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02 Distributed by World Bank WDI, GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS; accessed 2026-10-04T18:29:37.077Z. Adaptation by World Signals Monitor; no publisher endorsement is implied.",
  "retrievedAt": "2026-10-11T02:25:54.602Z",
  "vintage": "wdi-2026-10-08-0a6eb6ab25b7+release-aeeb6ddf-6cce-4970-a73b-0d9cd459923d",
  "explorer": "/datasets/source-9d9fafebf81def6977fbb489059c14e0/",
  "rows": [
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      "place": "Israel",
      "code": "ISR",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "6.34589",
      "status": "present",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Liechtenstein",
      "code": "LIE",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "6.00984",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
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    },
    {
      "place": "South Korea",
      "code": "KOR",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "4.94352",
      "status": "present",
      "sourceUrl": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Sweden",
      "code": "SWE",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "3.59978",
      "status": "present",
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    },
    {
      "place": "United States",
      "code": "USA",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "3.44716",
      "status": "present",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Japan",
      "code": "JPN",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "3.44125",
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      "place": "Belgium",
      "code": "BEL",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "3.27235",
      "status": "present",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Austria",
      "code": "AUT",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "3.25517",
      "status": "present",
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    },
    {
      "place": "Switzerland",
      "code": "CHE",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "3.22178",
      "status": "present",
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    {
      "place": "Germany",
      "code": "DEU",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "3.1539",
      "status": "present",
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      "place": "Finland",
      "code": "FIN",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "3.0938",
      "status": "present",
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    {
      "place": "Denmark",
      "code": "DNK",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "3.04841",
      "status": "present",
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      "place": "United Kingdom",
      "code": "GBR",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "2.67614",
      "status": "present",
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    {
      "place": "Iceland",
      "code": "ISL",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "2.64005",
      "status": "present",
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    {
      "place": "China",
      "code": "CHN",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "2.57729",
      "status": "present",
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      "place": "Netherlands",
      "code": "NLD",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "2.26719",
      "status": "present",
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      "place": "France",
      "code": "FRA",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "2.17832",
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      "place": "Slovenia",
      "code": "SVN",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "2.13385",
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      "place": "Norway",
      "code": "NOR",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "1.85142",
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      "place": "Estonia",
      "code": "EST",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "1.83878",
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      "period": "2023",
      "value": "1.83369",
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      "code": "CAN",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "1.81048",
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      "place": "Portugal",
      "code": "PRT",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "1.69491",
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      "code": "IRL",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "1.58829",
      "status": "present",
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      "place": "Poland",
      "code": "POL",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "1.55525",
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      "code": "NZL",
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      "value": "1.54848",
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      "period": "2023",
      "value": "1.4943",
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      "code": "ESP",
      "period": "2023",
      "value": "1.49362",
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      "period": "2023",
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      "period": "2023",
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      "code": "HKG",
      "period": "2023",
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      "period": "2023",
      "value": "1.04977",
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      "place": "Egypt, Arab Rep.",
      "code": "EGY",
      "period": "2023",
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  ],
  "method": "Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development. Rank reported values for one shared year; show ten highest, with a linear scale anchored at zero. Select the newest year with at least half the highest annual count of reporting economies in this retained dataset (51 minimum). Missing values are excluded from the ranking and remain in the table; ties sort by geography code.",
  "notes": [
    "84 of 155 retained reporting economies have values in 2023; coverage is not a complete world ranking. Highest does not imply best.",
    "Gross domestic R&D expenditure as a share of GDP, not total research dollars. Survey coverage and national compilation methods vary; gaps remain missing.",
    "Annual 2000–2025 selection. Source estimates and historical values may be revised; unavailable values remain missing.",
    "Source notes and numeric strings remain unchanged in downloads. The latest retained reporting year can differ across datasets."
  ]
}