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World Bank World Development Indicators · 2023 · R&D expenditure (% of GDP)

Investment in research

Israel has the highest retained value for 2023. 84 of 155 reporting economies have a value in this comparison.

Investment in researchGross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development. Rank reported values for one shared year; show ten highest, with a linear scale anchored at zero. Select the newest year with at least half the highest annual count of reporting economies in this retained dataset (51 minimum). Missing values are excluded from the ranking and remain in the table; ties sort by geography code.WORLD SIGNAL MONITOR / VISUAL STORIESInvestment in researchHighest reported values · 2023 · R&D expenditure (% of GDP)RANK / REPORTING ECONOMYVALUE01IsraelIsrael: 6.34589 R&D expenditure (% of GDP)6.302LiechtensteinLiechtenstein: 6.00984 R&D expenditure (% of GDP)603South KoreaSouth Korea: 4.94352 R&D expenditure (% of GDP)4.904SwedenSweden: 3.59978 R&D expenditure (% of GDP)3.605United StatesUnited States: 3.44716 R&D expenditure (% of GDP)3.406JapanJapan: 3.44125 R&D expenditure (% of GDP)3.407BelgiumBelgium: 3.27235 R&D expenditure (% of GDP)3.308AustriaAustria: 3.25517 R&D expenditure (% of GDP)3.309SwitzerlandSwitzerland: 3.22178 R&D expenditure (% of GDP)3.210GermanyGermany: 3.1539 R&D expenditure (% of GDP)3.206.3Linear scale anchored at zero · Highest ten shown · Exact values in the accompanying dataWorld Bank World Development Indicators · Retained annual observations2023
Highest reported values · 2023 · R&D expenditure (% of GDP). Ten highest reported values, on a linear scale anchored at zero. Highest does not imply best.

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How to read this diagram

Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development. Rank reported values for one shared year; show ten highest, with a linear scale anchored at zero. Select the newest year with at least half the highest annual count of reporting economies in this retained dataset (51 minimum). Missing values are excluded from the ranking and remain in the table; ties sort by geography code.

84 of 155 retained reporting economies have values in 2023; coverage is not a complete world ranking. Highest does not imply best.

Gross domestic R&D expenditure as a share of GDP, not total research dollars. Survey coverage and national compilation methods vary; gaps remain missing.

Annual 2000–2025 selection. Source estimates and historical values may be revised; unavailable values remain missing.

Source notes and numeric strings remain unchanged in downloads. The latest retained reporting year can differ across datasets.

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The data behind the picture

155 retained reporting economies · Reporting year 2023 · Unit: R&D expenditure (% of GDP). Numeric strings below retain snapshot precision.

Investment in research · 2023 · R&D expenditure (% of GDP)
Reporting economyYearValue (R&D expenditure (% of GDP))Source status / noteEvidence
Israel ISR20236.34589presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3747&field=value
Liechtenstein LIE20236.00984presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4241&field=value
South Korea KOR20234.94352presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3981&field=value
Sweden SWE20233.59978presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6139&field=value
United States USA20233.44716presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6633&field=value
Japan JPN20233.44125presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3825&field=value
Belgium BEL20233.27235presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1745&field=value
Austria AUT20233.25517presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1563&field=value
Switzerland CHE20233.22178presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6165&field=value
Germany DEU20233.1539presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3175&field=value
Finland FIN20233.0938presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3019&field=value
Denmark DNK20233.04841presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2655&field=value
United Kingdom GBR20232.67614presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6607&field=value
Iceland ISL20232.64005presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3565&field=value
China CHN20232.57729presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2343&field=value
Netherlands NLD20232.26719presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4891&field=value
France FRA20232.17832presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3045&field=value
Slovenia SVN20232.13385presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5801&field=value
Norway NOR20231.85142presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5099&field=value
Estonia EST20231.83878presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2889&field=value
Czechia CZE20231.83369presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2629&field=value
Canada CAN20231.81048presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2187&field=value
Portugal PRT20231.69491presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5359&field=value
Ireland IRL20231.58829presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3695&field=value
Poland POL20231.55525presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5333&field=value
New Zealand NZL20231.54848presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4943&field=value
Greece GRC20231.4943presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3253&field=value
Spain ESP20231.49362presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5931&field=value
Türkiye TUR20231.42224presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6425&field=value
Croatia HRV20231.38621presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2525&field=value
Italy ITA20231.37935presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3773&field=value
Hungary HUN20231.37748presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3539&field=value
Brazil BRA20231.1938presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1953&field=value
Hong Kong SAR, China HKG20231.10625presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3513&field=value
Luxembourg LUX20231.07045presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4293&field=value
Lithuania LTU20231.04977presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4267&field=value
Slovakia SVK20231.03359presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5775&field=value
Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY20231.03356presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2785&field=value
Thailand THA20230.93628presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6269&field=value
Russia RUS20230.93518presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5463&field=value
Serbia SRB20230.87816presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5645&field=value
Latvia LVA20230.8236presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4111&field=value
Kenya KEN20230.80427presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3903&field=value
Bulgaria BGR20230.79224presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2031&field=value
Rwanda RWA20230.78149presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5489&field=value
Uruguay URY20230.70196presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6659&field=value
Cyprus CYP20230.68145presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2603&field=value
Malta MLT20230.64792presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4475&field=value
Argentina ARG20230.60111presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1459&field=value
Belarus BLR20230.57348presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1719&field=value
Romania ROU20230.51656presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5437&field=value
Saudi Arabia SAU20230.49487presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5593&field=value
Uganda UGA20230.4383presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6529&field=value
Vietnam VNM20230.41456presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6763&field=value
Cuba CUB20230.39213presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2551&field=value
Algeria DZA20230.37787presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1329&field=value
Oman OMN20230.37526presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5125&field=value
North Macedonia MKD20230.3699presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5047&field=value
Costa Rica CRI20230.33738presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2473&field=value
Ukraine UKR20230.32209presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6555&field=value
Macao SAR, China MAC20230.27103presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4319&field=value
Mexico MEX20230.26746presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4579&field=value
Georgia GEO20230.25084presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3149&field=value
Mauritius MUS20230.23892presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4553&field=value
Moldova MDA20230.22111presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4631&field=value
Bosnia and Herzegovina BIH20230.18853presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1901&field=value
Armenia ARM20230.1821presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1485&field=value
Azerbaijan AZE20230.1816presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1589&field=value
Peru PER20230.17611presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5281&field=value
Pakistan PAK20230.16399presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5151&field=value
Panama PAN20230.15803presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5203&field=value
Mali MLI20230.14743presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4449&field=value
Kazakhstan KAZ20230.14449presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3877&field=value
Paraguay PRY20230.14117presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5255&field=value
Uzbekistan UZB20230.11093presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6685&field=value
Bhutan BTN20230.10787presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1849&field=value
El Salvador SLV20230.10152presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2811&field=value
Burkina Faso BFA20230.09845presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2057&field=value
Kuwait KWT20230.09547presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4033&field=value
Lesotho LSO20230.09453presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4163&field=value
Turkmenistan TKM20230.09present · UIS EstimationSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6451&field=value
Kyrgyzstan KGZ20230.05414presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4059&field=value
Myanmar MMR20230.02307presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4787&field=value
Guatemala GTM20230.00609presentSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3357&field=value
Angola AGO2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1407&field=value
Albania ALB2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1303&field=value
Andorra AND2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1381&field=value
United Arab Emirates ARE2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6581&field=value
American Samoa ASM2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1355&field=value
Australia AUS2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1537&field=value
Burundi BDI2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2083&field=value
Bahrain BHR2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1641&field=value
Bermuda BMU2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1823&field=value
Bolivia BOL2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1875&field=value
Brunei BRN2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2005&field=value
Botswana BWA2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=1927&field=value
Chile CHL2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2317&field=value
Cote d'Ivoire CIV2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2499&field=value
Congo, Dem. Rep. COD2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2421&field=value
Congo, Rep. COG2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2447&field=value
Colombia COL2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2369&field=value
Cabo Verde CPV2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2109&field=value
Ecuador ECU2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2759&field=value
Ethiopia ETH2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2941&field=value
Faroe Islands FRO2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2967&field=value
Gabon GAB2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3097&field=value
Ghana GHA2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3201&field=value
Gambia, The GMB2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3123&field=value
Greenland GRL2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3279&field=value
Guam GUM2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3331&field=value
Honduras HND2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3487&field=value
Indonesia IDN2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3617&field=value
India IND2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3591&field=value
Iran IRN2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3643&field=value
Iraq IRQ2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3669&field=value
Jamaica JAM2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3799&field=value
Jordan JOR2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=3851&field=value
Cambodia KHM2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2135&field=value
Laos LAO2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4085&field=value
Sri Lanka LKA2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5957&field=value
Morocco MAR2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4735&field=value
Monaco MCO2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4657&field=value
Madagascar MDG2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4345&field=value
Montenegro MNE2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4709&field=value
Mongolia MNG2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4683&field=value
Mozambique MOZ2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4761&field=value
Mauritania MRT2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4527&field=value
Malawi MWI2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4371&field=value
Malaysia MYS2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4397&field=value
Namibia NAM2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4813&field=value
Nigeria NGA2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5021&field=value
Nicaragua NIC2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4969&field=value
Nepal NPL2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=4865&field=value
Philippines PHL2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5307&field=value
Papua New Guinea PNG2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5229&field=value
Puerto Rico (US) PRI2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5385&field=value
West Bank and Gaza PSE2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6815&field=value
Qatar QAT2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5411&field=value
Sudan SDN2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6087&field=value
Senegal SEN2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5619&field=value
Singapore SGP2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5723&field=value
Eswatini SWZ2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2915&field=value
Seychelles SYC2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5671&field=value
Syria SYR2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6191&field=value
Chad TCD2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=2265&field=value
Togo TGO2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6321&field=value
Tajikistan TJK2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6217&field=value
Trinidad and Tobago TTO2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6373&field=value
Tunisia TUN2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6399&field=value
Tanzania TZA2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6243&field=value
St. Vincent and the Grenadines VCT2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6061&field=value
Venezuela, RB VEN2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6737&field=value
Virgin Islands (U.S.) VIR2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6789&field=value
South Africa ZAF2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=5879&field=value
Zambia ZMB2023Not availablemissingSourcehttps://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?source=2&format=json&date=2000:2025&per_page=20000&footnote=y#record=6867&field=value

Sources and attribution

Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02 Distributed by World Bank WDI, GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS; accessed 2026-10-04T18:29:37.077Z. Adaptation by World Signals Monitor; no publisher endorsement is implied.

Original publisher data · Source reuse terms and attribution

Retrieved: 2026-10-11T02:25:54.602Z. Vintage: wdi-2026-10-08-0a6eb6ab25b7+release-aeeb6ddf-6cce-4970-a73b-0d9cd459923d.

Diagram and editorial selection by World Signal Monitor. Display labels may be rounded; calculations and downloads use the retained values.

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